| Daur | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spoken in | China | |||
| Region | Inner Mongolia, Hailar District; Heilongjiang Province, Qiqihar Prefecture; Xinjiang, Tacheng Prefecture | |||
| Native speakers | 96,085 (1999) | |||
| Language family |
Mongolic
|
|||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-3 | dta | |||
|
||||
The Daur or Dagur language is a Mongolic language primarily spoken by members of the Daur ethnic group.
Contents |
Daur is a Mongolic language consisting of four dialects: Amur Daur in the vicinity of Heihe, the Nonni Daur on the west side of the Nonni River from south of Qiqihaer up to the Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, Hailar Daur to the south-east of Hailar and far off in Xinjiang in the vinicity of Tacheng.[1] There is no written standard in use, although a Pinyin-based orthography has been devised; instead the Daur make use of Mongolian or Chinese, as most speakers know these languages as well.[2] During the time of the Qing dynasty, Daur has been written with the Manchu alphabet.[3]
Daur phonology is peculiar in that some of its dialects have developed a set of labialized consonants (eg /sʷar/ 'flea' vs. /sar/ 'moon')[4], while it shares palatalized consonants[5] with most Mongolian dialects that have not been developed in the other Mongolic languages. It also has /f/, which is, however, limited to loan words.[6] Word-final short vowels were lost[7] and historically short vowels in non-initial syllables have lost phoneme status.[8] Daur is the only Mongolic language to share this development with Mongolian (i.e. Mongolian proper, Oirat, Buryat). Due to the merger of /ɔ/ and /ʊ/ with /o/ and /u/, vowel harmony was lost.[9]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stop | p | t | k | ||
| Voiced stop | b | d | g | ||
| Voiceless affricate | ch | ||||
| Voiced affricate | j | ||||
| Voiceless fricative | s | sh | x | ||
| Nasal | m | n, ñ | |||
| Lateral | l | ||||
| Flap or trill | r | ||||
| Semivowel | w | y |
Daur has a pronominal system that distinguishes between first person plural inclusive /bed/ and exclusive /baː/ and, even more archaic, it distinguishes between third person singular /iːn/ and plural /aːn/.[10] While the phoneme /t͡ʃ/ (< *t͡ʃʰ) has been retained, the second person singular pronoun has become /ʃiː/ nevertheless,[11] resembling a more thorough sound change in the Khorchin dialect. The second person plural is retained as /taː/.[11]
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | 1st Person (exclusive) | 1st Person (inclusive) | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
| Nominative | bii | šii | ing | biede | baa | taa | aang |
| Genitive | minii | šinii | inii | biednii | (maanii) | taanii | aanii |
| Dative | namd | šamd | yamd (ind) | biedende | maande | taande | aande |
| Accusative | namii | šamii | yamii | biednii | (maanii) | taanii | aanii |
| Ablative | namaase | šamaase | yamaas | biedenaas | maanaas | taanaas | aanaas |
| Instrumental | namaare | šamaare | yamaar | biedenaar | maanaar | taanaar | aanaar |
| Comitative | namtij | šamtij | yamtij | biedentij | maantij | taantij | aantij |
The genitive and accusative have fused in some variants, becoming –ji, and the ablative may assume the form of the instrumental case. The old comitative has been lost, while the innovated comitative is the same as in Mongolian.[13] In addition, several other cases have been innovated that are not shared by Mongolian, including a new allative, -maji. [14]
Daur has a fairly simple tense-aspect system consisting of the nonpast markers -/bəi/ and (marginally) -/n/ and the past forms -/sən/ and (marginally) /la/ and the non-finite imperfective marker -/d͡ʒa/-. These may be inflected for person. The attributive particle forms are limited to –/ɡʷ/ (< Written Mongolian -γ-a) for imperfective aspect and future tense, -sən (< -γsan) for perfective aspect, -/ɡat͡ʃ/ (<-gči) for habituality (instead of -daγ which used to fulfil this function) and -/mar/ for potential and probable actions. It has acquired a highly complex converbal system containing several innovations. Notably, -mar which is a participle in Mongolian serves as a converb as well.[15]
Daur has 50% common Mongolic vocabulary, while it has borrowed 5[16] to 10% of its words from Chinese, 10% of its words from Manchu and also some vocabulary from Evenki and Russian – leaving about 20% vocabulary that is specific to Daur only.[17]
| English | Classical Mongolian | Daur | |
| 1 | One | Nigen | Nyk |
| 2 | Two | Qoyar | Xoyir |
| 3 | Three | Ghurban | Gwarbyn |
| 4 | Four | Dorben | Durbun |
| 5 | Five | Tabun | Taawyn |
| 6 | Six | Jirghughan | Jirgoo |
| 7 | Seven | Dologhan | Doloo |
| 8 | Eight | Naiman | Naimyn |
| 9 | Nine | Yisun | Isyn |
| 10 | Ten | Arban | Xarbyn |